According to Edward Said, Orientalism do not exist. The West created the Orient in order to impose their superiority and domination.
It is also related to the narratology, explaining that the Orient is created and narrated by the West, with only aim to exert po
dimanche 30 novembre 2008
Phases of Intercultural conflict
There are five stages of the intercultural conflict:
- The latent conflict: exposing the conditions leading to the conflict, giving the different values, different beliefs...
- The perceived conflict: the frustation period, lead by the differences awareness.
- The felt conflict: the envolvment of emotional reactions.
- The manifest conflict: conflict behaviors are exhibited, by aggression, verbal display. The conflict is officially recognized. The communication skills and the peacemaking abilities are used.
- The conflict aftermath: outcomes of conflict, which can be productive or counter productive.
A conflict is a useful process when appropriate communication skills and conflict management are used.
Intercultural Dissonance
I/ The Traditional Societies
- Have all the time, take their time
- Following the seasons cycle
- Nature determines their days
- No mechanical schedules
- They have to finish what they have to do
- COLLECTIVISM - They manage their time and days on season cycle. The nature determines their days and there is no human implication or influence.
II/ Post-traditional Societies (Modern Societies)
- Time is money
- Following the clock
- People regulate their days related to the clock
- Society governed by clock
- Time limitation (clock)
- INDIVUALISM - refering to the tendency of a culture to emphasize the importance of the individual identity over the group identity
Understanding Cultures and Conflicts
In 1951, Talcott Parsons, an American sociologist published the book "Social System" where he developped the theory of the Core Cultural Ressources based on beliefs, values, attitutes and actions. When communicating, different people, from different cultures got different assymptions, which lead to conflicts.
There are two types of conflicts:
- The functional conflict, being the efficient model where the conflicts are solved. The conflict and the discussion are direct (US). The low context lead the conflict to get solved by people outside the conflict, not linked to the persons nor the conflict.
- The disfunctional conflict, characterized by a repression and an accumulation of the conflict. (Morocco) The high context lead the conflict to be solved by a subjective person, and emphasizing on actions. The person who can solve the problem is connected to both sides.
There are two types of conflicts:
- The functional conflict, being the efficient model where the conflicts are solved. The conflict and the discussion are direct (US). The low context lead the conflict to get solved by people outside the conflict, not linked to the persons nor the conflict.
- The disfunctional conflict, characterized by a repression and an accumulation of the conflict. (Morocco) The high context lead the conflict to be solved by a subjective person, and emphasizing on actions. The person who can solve the problem is connected to both sides.
Conflict Negociation between cultures
This part, concerning the conflict negociation target two different societies and cultures: the independant society (like the USA), and the interdependant society (as Morocco or China).
I/ The independant society: - It targets a self-focused, ego-based and self-expressive society and culture.
- It also describes an individualist society, following a low context, meaning they have many connection but in a short period of time.
To mention that an individualist society is characterized by a free market economy (as the economic model) and from a democratic country (as the political model)
- The low context society is following a linear logic, and direct verbal interaction. People have an individual sense of autonomy.
- They are M-time negociation people, meaning that the conflict is controlled, and they follow their schedule.
- They have "I" based values.
II/ The interdependant society: - It targets a group-interest, group-respons and group-norms society and culture.
- It also describes a collectivist society, following a high context, meaning they have close connections over a long period of time, and their interests are following the group harmony.
- The high context society is following a spiral logic, and subtile non-verbal nuances.
- They are P-time negociation people, meaning that the conflict is controlled, but they take their time. The concept of time is not important.
- They have "WE" based values.
Digital Divide, ICTs and the Leapfrogging theory
According to the UNESCO, Digital Divide refers to inequality of access and unequal diffusion of technologies within and among nations of the world.
That is wy the ICTs have been developped. The ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) are technics used for the transmission of information, targetting principally information, the Internet and telecommunications.
ICTization is the the concept of mainstreaming of ICTs, presented in three stages:
- the info-density: infrastructures of ICT.
- the info-use: adoption and use of those ICTs.
- the info-state: digital gap.
According to the ITU (International Telecommunication Union), the Digital Divide creates a gap between those who benefit from the Digital Technology and those who do not.
There is also the Content-Divide, targetting the access divide, the economical divide, the democratic and skills divides.
Digital Divide is a problem especially for countries of the South. Some solutions have been developped as the $100 laptop, or mobile phone, ways to bring technologies into more isolated and poor countries and regions in the world.
As said Ikbal Kadir: "connectivity means productivity". The mobile phone for example seems to be a weapon against poverty but also economic help being a production tool.
the Leapfrogging theory is important to take into concideration. In fact, major developped countries have followed the "classic" development, moving from an agricultural society, to an industrialised society with the industrial revolution, and finally being a knowledge society. The leapfrogging theory present the fact that undevelopped countries should jump the industrial revolution and develop their knowldege society.
In fact, I think that the ICTs are the future. They develop creativity, communication and productivity. This has been seen with Egyptian women, now able to sell what they produce thanks to cell phone, and without neglecting their activities. It gave to those women more responsabilities, more freedom and more independancy. It developped the process of the rights of work for those women.
That is wy the ICTs have been developped. The ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) are technics used for the transmission of information, targetting principally information, the Internet and telecommunications.
ICTization is the the concept of mainstreaming of ICTs, presented in three stages:
- the info-density: infrastructures of ICT.
- the info-use: adoption and use of those ICTs.
- the info-state: digital gap.
According to the ITU (International Telecommunication Union), the Digital Divide creates a gap between those who benefit from the Digital Technology and those who do not.
There is also the Content-Divide, targetting the access divide, the economical divide, the democratic and skills divides.
Digital Divide is a problem especially for countries of the South. Some solutions have been developped as the $100 laptop, or mobile phone, ways to bring technologies into more isolated and poor countries and regions in the world.
As said Ikbal Kadir: "connectivity means productivity". The mobile phone for example seems to be a weapon against poverty but also economic help being a production tool.
the Leapfrogging theory is important to take into concideration. In fact, major developped countries have followed the "classic" development, moving from an agricultural society, to an industrialised society with the industrial revolution, and finally being a knowledge society. The leapfrogging theory present the fact that undevelopped countries should jump the industrial revolution and develop their knowldege society.
In fact, I think that the ICTs are the future. They develop creativity, communication and productivity. This has been seen with Egyptian women, now able to sell what they produce thanks to cell phone, and without neglecting their activities. It gave to those women more responsabilities, more freedom and more independancy. It developped the process of the rights of work for those women.
mardi 18 novembre 2008
Al Jazeera, the Arab media "island"
The last decade has witnessed a change in the media landscape of almost all countries of the Arab world.
The Arab world television channel knew three phases of development: the formative phase (1954-1975), the national expension (1976-1990) with the propaganda of nation, and the regional and global expension, as it is the case of Al Jazeera.
In fact, Al Jazeera has been created in 1996 in Doha, Qatar. It is diffused in more than 35 countries, counting countries of the Middle East and Europe. Al Jazeera is seen as the "voice of Islamism", in order to give to the world, especially Europe and the United States, an other perspective of Muslims and Arabs views. However, in Arab countries, Al Jazeera is seen as pro-American.
Al Jazeera developped its global connectivity by opening four web sites, and many Google pages. Since the war in Iraq, Al Jazeera knew more and more visitors in their web sites, and people started asking more questions to the channel. It became an international channel, an international and global media player.
The Arab world television channel knew three phases of development: the formative phase (1954-1975), the national expension (1976-1990) with the propaganda of nation, and the regional and global expension, as it is the case of Al Jazeera.
In fact, Al Jazeera has been created in 1996 in Doha, Qatar. It is diffused in more than 35 countries, counting countries of the Middle East and Europe. Al Jazeera is seen as the "voice of Islamism", in order to give to the world, especially Europe and the United States, an other perspective of Muslims and Arabs views. However, in Arab countries, Al Jazeera is seen as pro-American.
Al Jazeera developped its global connectivity by opening four web sites, and many Google pages. Since the war in Iraq, Al Jazeera knew more and more visitors in their web sites, and people started asking more questions to the channel. It became an international channel, an international and global media player.
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